"What is prolapse? Anything getting weakened and sagging. So what is uterine prolapse? See, the uterus is very well supported by a network of muscles and ligaments in our body, so it is held up in its place. What happens with repeated trauma of these muscles and these ligaments is that they are not able to hold and you know give that kind of support to the uterus. In those cases, the uterus will gradually start slipping, and with further slipping, there will be a time when it will begin to protrude out of the vagina, and this is called prolapse. And when we talk about the stages of prolapse it is this which is what we are staging then it is like it is sagging it is lowered down in the vagina the patient can feel it but it is not seen outside the vagina. So that's a stage one prolapse when it is at the introitus. It can be easily seen when you go to the doctor for an examination can be very easily seen. So that's a stage two prolapse. Stage three is when it comes out of the vagina that's a stage three prolapse and the final stage that's stage four that's called procedentia. Precedential is when the whole of the uterus is out of the vagina. So what are the risk factors who would more likely get prolapse in their life so those who have a history of vaginal deliveries especially traumatic vaginal deliveries, prolonged labor, or maybe attended by you know untrained dais or there was a delivery of a large baby and it was a difficult birth. So those are the patients or there have been some pelvic surgeries and there is some trauma to those ligaments and muscles so those are the patients. Then anything that increases the intraabdominal pressure say a chronic cough may be due to asthma COPD any lung conditions or chronic constipation. So anything that increases abdomen pressure would again push the uterus down. Then the obese patients are the people who are at risk for getting prolapsed"

"We have to understand what is preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a condition in pregnancy wherein the mother develops high blood pressure, and it usually develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy. So, around 5 months of pregnancy, this also leads to albumin leakage in the urine. So will there be proteinuria, and how will it be diagnosed? When you have high BP readings, you go to your antenatal visits. Your doctor checks your BP, and it is 140 systolic and 90 diastolic millimetres of mercury. Then, your doctor would ask you to wait until we again take your BP. If your BP is consistently this high or higher, then we do tell you that you are developing pregnancy-induced high hypertension, and we check your urine by a dipstick method for albumin if this also is positive for protein then we do a quantitative test and send a 24 hours urine sample for a quantification of protein leak in urine. So with high BP with protein leak, albuminuria is called preeclampsia, and the effects it would have on your baby starting from the baby can have growth restriction because the blood supply to the baby is restricted, and the baby can have prematurity. Baby can land up with the emergency C-section due to some Doppler changes on our ultrasound because once the baby's growth is restricted. Once the liqor around the baby becomes less, so then we start following you Doppler scans and then once we realize that baby is no more growing inside it is safe to deliver the baby. But sometimes, there's an emergency scenario in which the mother presents to us with bleeding abruption. In that case, they also have to do an emergency cesarean and deliver the baby. In that case, the mother and baby both are at risk, and the prematurity also increases the nursery state for the baby. It also has its maternal complications as well the mother can have end organ damage. The kidneys can get affected, the liver can get affected. So we need thorough maternal fetal surveillance whenever a lady is diagnosed with a preeclampsia condition. Mother is also at risk for a seizure-like activity, which is called eclampsia. If the BP goes uncontrolled a regular check of blood pressure a urine kidney, liver profile, blood test and an ultrasound monitoring of the baby's growth, the blood flows. They are very important whenever you have preeclampsia in your pregnancy"

"So ectopic and fertility are definitely closely related because why did one have an ectopic in the first place? So probably there was some altered tubal motility, and probably there was some disturbance in the tubo-ovarian relationship. So the way our uterus fallopian tubes and ovaries are aligned it is meant that at the ovulation time the ovary should release the egg the fallopian tube should grab that egg and it should be conveyed to the sperm should come the fertilization should occur and then the embryo should come and implanted in the uterus. The fertilization always takes place in the tube. But when there is altered motility the cilia of the tube is Disturbed in those cases only patient would land up with an ectopic . So if somebody had an ectopic we always tell you that you have a risk for ectopic. So whenever you perceive next the moment you miss your period do a UPT come to us and we should rule out a ectopic. So definitely there is an element of subfertility. Subfertility means a reduced fertility. In patients with a history of ectopic pregnancy and if somebody had a medical management of ectopic like she received methotrexate. So how soon can she plan for another pregnancy? Let me tell you methotreate is a teratogenic drug. So minimum period is 3 months after one injection of methotraxate minimum 3 months one should avoid conception, one should take folic acid supplements. And if somebody had a surgery so again 3 months would be a time for complete pelvic recovery, complete recovery of the general health and patient should take supplements to build up on the lost blood, on the lost nutrition. So it can be easily said that 3 months is a good enough time after which you can plan pregnancy. And if somehow the both the tubes are damaged or you have a doubt that one side I had an ectopic, the other tube on ultrasound there is a suspicion that whether it's healthy or not, one can also go for tubal evaluation before planning pregnancy procedures like HSG or SSG can be used"

"Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. This is one of the most common symptom most of the patients come up in pregnancy . So it is not constant for every. Few people will have the vomiting only in the morning time, few complain in the night time few complain throughout the day as well and few have the vomitings only in the first trimesters that is before 13 weeks of gestation and few will have throughout the pregnancy as well. So why is this vomiting? It's usually caused due to the hormones produced in the pregnancy. The mainly a hormone called beta HCG which actually causes vomiting. Few people even develop nausea that is aversion towards few smells as well. What exactly we have to do to reduce these symptoms"

"Vaginal beding in first trimester. Most of them come to us worrying asking whether I am ending up in a miscarriage because I'm having bleeding in the first trimester. But the thing to know is not all bleeding will lead to miscariage. So there are many reasons for the bleeding in the first trimester. Because your cervix and vagina are very sensitive even for the pelvic examination or the intercourse you might even bleed that's bleed on touch . The most common reason for vaginal bleeding in first trimester is the implantation bleeding because before the egg has been implanted into your uterus if there is any mobility that's where you will even see the vaginal bleeding. What exactly your doctor will advise when you have a vaginal beding they usually ask you to avoid lifting heavy weights and when you come visit your doctor they'll have an examination over you"

"When is a first time you have to visit your doctor after your pregnancy test has composed or what exactly you have to do so you have to visit. Your doctor as soon as your pregnancy test is positive. So what happens there your doctor will explain everything about your pregnancy. So regarding like what diet to be taken what exercise to be done. Not only that they're going to order your few tests as well. So the test may include complete blood picture vital screening your thyroid profile, HbA1c which gives an average of 3 month sugar level and as well your blood group"