recognizableHealth care during pregnancy is crucial for ensuring the well-being of both the mother and the developing baby. Proper prenatal care helps expectant mothers reduce the risk of complications, promote healthy fetal development, and prepare for a safe delivery. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a common viral infection that can have significant implications during pregnancy. Regular consultations with your doctors enable an expecting mother to identify pregnancy herpes symptoms early enough and take corrective measures to reduce any harm to the baby and herself.
Before we discuss the signs and symptoms of the herpes simplex virus in pregnancy, it's important to understand this infection. Herpes simplex virus, otherwise known as HSV, is commonly seen in patients in 2 varieties: HSV-1 (oral herpes) and HSV-2 (genital herpes). Both these types can be transmitted to the genital area and can affect pregnant women and their babies.
Both types of HSV are highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, such as through intimate physical contact or, in the case of oral herpes, sharing personal items. Once contracted, the virus remains in the human body for life. It remains dormant in nerve cells and gets reactivated periodically, causing recurrent outbreaks. HSV outbreaks are manageable, yet during pregnancy, there is the risk of transmission to the baby, particularly during childbirth. Hence, it is essential to identify signs of HSV infection in pregnancy and take the necessary precautionary steps.
The symptoms and signs of herpes in pregnancy can vary from individual to individual, depending on whether it is a primary infection (contracted for the first time) or a recurrent infection (reactivation of the virus in an individual who has been infected previously). The severity of the infection will also vary according to the stage, mainly if it occurs during pregnancy. It is generally noted that the symptoms are less severe in the recurrent/secondary infection and more pronounced during the first-time infection.
● Painful Genital Sores: The most recognisable symptoms of HSV are painful, blister-like lesions that can appear in the genital area. These blisters may burst, forming ulcers that can take several weeks to heal.
● Widespread body symptoms: Some pregnant women may experience flu-like symptoms. Fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes are common, particularly during the initial outbreak.
● Itching and Pain: Women may experience certain discomfort in the genital area. It may feel itchy, tender, or painful, sometimes even before sores appear.
● Painful Urination: If the sores are present near the urethra, urination can be painful. The swelling in the genital area can block the flow of urine, leading to urinary retention in severe cases.
● Vaginal Discharge: An abnormal vaginal discharge unusual or increased discharge is likely to be noticed if the HSV virus affects the cervix of the expectant mother.
● Tingling or Burning Sensation: Even before the development of painful sores, a mild tingling or burning sensation may be felt in the infected areas.
Some pregnant women may not exhibit the symptoms of HSV. These atypical symptoms are more challenging as they cannot be diagnosed easily. Signs to look out for during any stage of pregnancy are:
● Atypical Genital Symptoms: Certain women may experience redness, mild discomfort, or itching in the genital area. However, painful sores will not develop in the area.
● Asymptomatic Shedding: Asymptomatic viral shedding is a condition wherein HSV can be present and transmissible even without visible symptoms. This is a concern during pregnancy because the virus can be passed to the baby without an active outbreak.
● Confusion with Other Conditions: Asymptomatic HSV can be misdiagnosed, as pregnant women may experience symptoms like vaginal discharge, fever, headache, etc. during other health conditions as well. In some instances, the infection goes unnoticed as it is mistaken for some other complication occurring due to the pregnancy.
If a pregnant mother is already infected, some steps can be taken to avoid further aggravating the situation. While it may not be possible to avoid acquiring HSV infection during pregnancy completely, precautionary steps will aid in reducing the risk of transmission. The most effective steps include:
● Safe Sexual Practices: It is advisable to refrain from intimate physical contact with a partner who has active herpes sores. However, if this cannot be avoided, use condoms and prevent direct exchange of bodily fluids.
● Open Communication with Partner: Pregnant women should communicate openly with their partners about HSV and avoid sexual activity during outbreaks or in the late stages of pregnancy if the partner has HSV. The health of the growing fetus will be compromised in case of transmission.
● Education and Awareness: Pregnant women or couples preparing to be parents should be educated on the HSV infection early enough. Awareness of the HSV infection, transmission methods, signs of HSV, and how to manage it will help them overcome the fears and stigma associated with it.
HSV infection is a serious threat to the expectant mother and baby and, hence, should be treated with utmost concern. If the genital area is affected, doctors often opt for a C-section during the delivery. Given the risks, pregnant women with HSV should work closely with their doctors to monitor symptoms and manage the infection effectively throughout pregnancy.
HSV can increase the risk of preterm labour, leading to preterm delivery. Such preterm babies often suffer from respiratory disorders and other long-term developmental issues. Risk of miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature rupture of the membranes are other complications that can arise during the pregnancy term.
Antiviral medication administered under the supervision of a medical practitioner can help contain the infection to a certain level. Reducing stress and avoiding known triggers are also useful ways to manage the outbreak.
It may not be possible to prevent Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection during pregnancy while leading an active sexual life. However, several strategies can reduce the risk of contracting HSV for those who are not yet infected and minimise outbreaks and transmission risks. Regular prenatal checkups and discussions with doctors can prove useful in increasing awareness of such risks and avoiding infections.
